On Guard was active in a famous protest at the United Nations of the American-sponsored Bay of Pigs Cuban invasion and was active in support of the Congolese liberation leader Patrice Lumumba.
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Umbra was a collective of young Black writers based in Manhattan's Lower East Side founded in 1962.
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Moreover, Umbra itself had evolved out of similar circumstances: in 1960 a Black nationalist literary organization, On Guard for Freedom, had been founded on the Lower East Side by Calvin Hicks.
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He moved to New York City and joined the Art Students League, and the Umbra poets.