The theory is that aerobic bacteria covering the surface of the porous live rock and sand convert harmful ammonia (from fish and invertebrate waste) into nitrites, then nitrates, which are much less harmful to the tank's inhabitants.
Intertriginous areas are known to harbor large amounts of aerobic cocci and aerobic coryneform bacteria which are both parts of normal skin flora.
About its late Whaingaroan (about 27 million years ago) creation, it says, “The change from estuarine, shallow brackish water conditions (Mangakotuku Formation), to fully marine, open sea, aerobic conditions (Glen Massey Formation) is evidenced by near shore accumulation of the bioclastic Elgood Limestone, onlap of the succeeding Dunphail Siltstone, and subsequent deposition of Ahirau Sandstone in an inner to mid shelf environment.”
Sequences from aerobic, anaerobic, psychrophilic, thermophilic, halophilic, alkaliphilic, acidophilic, desiccation-resistant, autotrophic, and heterotrophic organisms were present, including a number from multicellular eukaryotes.
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Burkholderia acidipaludis is a gram-negative, catalase and oxidase-positive aerobic, aluminium-tolerant, non-spore-forming, non motile bacterium from the genus of Burkholderia and the family of Burkholderiaceae which was isolated from the Chinese water chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis) in Vietnam and Thailand
Burkholderia bannensis is a gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, bacterium from the genus of Burkholderia and the family of Burkholderiaceae which was isolated from highly acidic swamps from torpedo grass (Panicum repens) in Thailand.
Burkholderia heleia is a gram-negative, nitrogen-fixing, aerobic, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium from the genus of Burkholderia and the family of Burkholderiaceae which was isolated from the Chinese water chestnut Eleocharis dulcis in acid sulfate soil areas of Vietnam.
Legionella gresilensis is a gram-negative, aerobic, catalase-positive, non-spore-forming bacterium with a polar flagellum from the genus of Legionella which was isolated from a shower from thermal spa water in France from the city Gréoux-les-Bains.