In 1796 the French Directory rejected Charles Cotesworth Pinckney as the United States Minister Plenipotentiary to France.
André-Charles Brottier (1751–1798), was a French royalist who sought the violent overthrow of the Directory.
He became librarian successively to the French Directory, to the Conseil d'Etat, and in 1807 to Napoleon, from whom he carried out a number of commissions.
Fearing a possible renewal of the Terror, he became an active member of the plot for the overthrow of the Directory in November 1799.
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He published two books on English history: Essai sur les causes qui, en 1649, amenérent en Angleterre l'établissement de la république (Paris, 1799), and Tableau politique des règnes de Charles II et Jacques II, derniers rois de la maison de Stuart (The Hague, 1818) which contained much indirect criticism of the Directory and the Restoration governments.
Antoine never saw his child; on 13 fructidor year IV (30 August 1796), the French Directory decided to exile him to Philadelphia, where the French Republic's charge-d'-affaires in the United States of America granted him an annual pension of 15,000 francs.
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It was suppressed 18 fructidor An V (5 September 1797) in connection with the counter-revolutionary Coup of 18 Fructidor; earlier that year the Imprimerie du The that printed the journal had printed his "Disgrâce des triumvirs: chanson constitutionnelle", a commentary on disunion among the members of the French Directory.
After the battle, his remains were brought to Toulon and buried in Fort La Malgue, and the French Directory paid tribute to his memory by a ceremony of public mourning (16 September 1799).
Relations with the French First Republic was then at a low ebb: the Jay Treaty between the US and Great Britain had angered members of the ruling French Directory, and they had ordered the French Navy to step up seizures of American merchant vessels found to be trading with Britain, with whom France was at war.
This was no longer Robespierre's Republic, which was more radical, or the oligarchic liberal Republic of the Directory, but the autocratic Roman Republic of Caesar Augustus, a Conservative Republic, which reminded the French of stability, order, and peace.
After Napoleon Bonaparte staged a coup against the Directory government in November 1799, the French Republic adopted a constitution which conferred executive powers upon three Consuls, elected for a period of ten years.
Opposed to the French Revolution of 1789, he left France in 1791 and served in the Army of Condé to overthrow the French Directory.
In the Council of Five Hundred under the French Directory, Bourdon belonged to the party of Clichyens, composed of crypto-Royalists, against whom the directors used the 18 Fructidor coup.
Soon after his return to France he was elected a member of the Council of Ancients in the period of the Directory.
Doulcet was subsequently elected to the French Directory's Council of Five Hundred, but was suspected of Royalist sympathies, and had to spend some time in retirement between anti-monarchist coup of 18 Fructidor (4 September 1797) and the establishment of the Consulate (the 18 Brumaire coup of 9 November 1799).
Gohier was Minister of Justice from March 1793 to April 1794, overseeing the arrest of Girondists, and, a member of the Council of Five Hundred, he succeeded Jean Baptiste Treilhard in the French Directory (June 1799), where he represented the Republican view in front of growing Royalist opposition.
As president of the Council of Five Hundred — which he removed to the suburban security of Saint-Cloud — Lucien Bonaparte's combination of bravado and disinformation was crucial to the coup d'état of 18 Brumaire (date based on the French Revolutionary Calendar) in which General Bonaparte overthrew the government of the Directory to replace it by the Consulate.
His formation and first works overlapped with the arrival of the Napoleonic troops in the city; thanks to the request of his mentor, who was a member of the Senate and representative of the Bolognese provisional government, Palagi desgigned uniforms, medals, and emblems with the symbols of Liberté, égalité, fraternité to be used in letters and cards for the Directory.