Based on the details of the mandibular musculature and articulation, the amphi-American Himantura are hypothesized to be most closely related to the river stingrays in the family Potamotrygonidae, rather than to Indo-Pacific Himantura species.
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However, this interpretation is disputed, as parasitological evidence suggests that the river stingrays are most closely related to Pacific Urobatis stingrays.
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