Starting in the 1870s, Swiss botanist Simon Schwendener, together with his students and colleagues, established the link between plant morphology and physiological adaptations, laying the groundwork for the first ecology textbooks, Eugenius Warming's Plantesamfund (published in 1895) and Andreas Schimper's 1898 Pflanzengeographie auf Physiologischer Grundlage.
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Henry Chandler Cowles' studies of plant succession on the Lake Michigan sand dunes (published in 1899) and Frederic Clements' 1916 monograph on the subject established it as a key element of plant ecology.
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In 1929, he became lecturer of forestry at this university and, when this undergraduate subject was given up, lecturer of forest botany – “a title which scarcely reflected his wide interest in and influence on plant ecology”.
The connections made between Tansley and American ecologists Henry Chandler Cowles and Frederic Clements helped build a philosophical and methodological link between British and American plant ecology.
In the 1950s she entered graduate school at the University of Colorado, earning her M.A. in botany/plant ecology in 1960 and her Ph.D. in botany/plant ecology in 1963, advised by John Marr, founder of the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research.
Grime, J.P., Hodgson, J.G. and Hunt, R. (2007) Comparative Plant Ecology: A Functional Approach to common British Species, 2nd edn.
Research on this prairie began in the 1920s when Professor John Ernest Weaver and his students started using it for their studies of prairie plant ecology.
Cooper served briefly in 1914-1915 as a lecturer in plant ecology at Stanford University before beginning his long career in the botany department at the University of Minnesota, where he taught from 1915 to 1951.