He served in World War I in the Austro-Hungarian Army, and then studied and attained a doctorate from the University of Würzburg.
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He married Rosa Korngut (1869 – 1934) and they had three sons: Solomon (Salomo) Birnbaum (1891–1989), Menachem Birnbaum (1893–1944), and Uriel Birnbaum (1894–1956).