At the University of California, San Francisco, Hyman was able to investigate the interaction between chromosomes and microtubules that create the mitotic forces that separate chromosomes in the lab of Tim Mitchison.
It was described again in 1883, at the level of chromosomes, by Van Beneden in Ascaris eggs.
Note that non-syntenic genes (genes residing on different chromosomes) are inherently unlinked, and cM distances have no meaning between them.
The Craig Venter Institute has used a system derived from the rapid DNA repair mechanisms of D. radiodurans to assemble synthetic DNA fragments into chromosomes, with the ultimate goal of producing a synthetic organism they call Mycoplasma laboratorium.
A dinokaryon is an eukaryotic nucleus present in dinoflagellates in which the chromosomes are fibrillar in appearance (i.e. with unmasked DNA fibrils) and are more or less continuously condensed.
In barley, haploids can be produced by wide crossing with the related species Hordeum bulbosum, fertilization is effected, but during the early stages of seed development the H. bulbosum chromosomes are eliminated leaving a haploid embryo.
In gene expression programming the linear chromosomes work as the genotype and the parse trees as the phenotype, creating a genotype/phenotype system.
Another brother clade, Haplogroup O-P31, has an impressive extent of dispersal, as it is found among the males of populations as widely separated as the Kolarians of India and the Japanese of Japan; however, Haplogroup O-P31's distribution is much more patchy, and the Haplogroup O-P31 Y-chromosomes found among the Mundas and the Japanese belong to distinct subclades.
Finally, in a published lecture of 1903 (Befruchtung und Bastardierung, Veit, Leipzig), De Vries was also the first to suggest the occurrence of recombinations between homologous chromosomes, now known as chromosomal crossovers, within a year after chromosomes were implicated in Mendelian inheritance by Walter Sutton.
A study was conducted to view possible improvements of immunolabeling chromosome structures, such as topoisomerase IIα and condensin in dissected mitotic chromosomes.
His research contributions include elucidation of the mechanism of genetic missense suppression in bacteria, the development of techniques to make genomic libraries using recombinant DNA, techniques for using yeast for DNA cloning, characterization of centromere DNA, and construction of the first artificial chromosomes.
Lampbrush chromosomes (first seen by Flemming in 1882) are a special form of chromosomes that are found in the growing oocytes (immature eggs) of most animals, except mammals.
Another study carried out by geneticists Spencer Wells and Pierre Zalloua of the American University of Beirut showed that more than 50% of Y-chromosomes from Maltese men could have Phoenician origins.
Marina Johanna Kulik (The Hague, July 13, 1956) is a Dutch painter, known for her lively portrait paintings in aquarelle and for her poetic and original abstracts, all inspired by 'the mystery of life' - the MyDNA series, with chromosomes, cells, DNA and fingerprints.
In 1911 the American geneticist Thomas Hunt Morgan observed crossover in Drosophila melanogaster meiosis and provided the first genetic evidence that genes are transmitted on chromosomes.
Birds (except Falconiformes) usually have karyotypes of approximately 80 chromosomes (2n = 80), with only a few being distinguishable macrochromosomes and an average of 60 being microchromosomes.
Microfluidic whole genome haplotyping is a technique for the physical separation of individual chromosomes from a metaphase cell followed by direct resolution of the haplotype for each allele.
For example, animals undergo an "open" mitosis, where the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate, while fungi such as Aspergillus nidulans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) undergo a "closed" mitosis, where chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus.
Some of the largest polytene chromosomes described thus far (see scale bar in figure below) occur in larval salivary gland cells of the Chironomid genus Axarus.
Males carrying Robertsonian translocations in their chromosomes have significantly higher degree of sperm cell apoptosis and lower concentration.
In humans, these genes are located on chromosomes 11 and 12 and encode two different homologous enzymes TPH1 and TPH2 (sequence identity 71%).
Professor Jason Swedlow is a Wellcome Trust Senior Research Fellow and investigates how chromosomes are separated during cell division.
In 1959 Susumu Ohno showed that the two X-chromosomes of mammals were different: one appeared like the autosomes; the other was condensed and heterochromatic.
Later research showed that the condition could manifest in patients with normal karyotypes, without duplication of the chromosomes, and the most recent genetic research implicates problems with the gene code FBXW11 as a likely cause.