Benteng Chinese refers to a community of Chinese Indonesians residing in Tangerang area, in the Indonesian province of Banten.
Tjio (whose name is pronounced CHEE-oh) was born to Chinese parents in Java, then part of the Dutch East Indies and later called Indonesia till now.
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Wanning Sun notes that, seeing as Teguh Karya himself was of mixed foreign (Chinese) and local descent, November 1828 draws numerous parallels with his life, emphasizing the backgrounds of the mixed-race de Borst and van Aaken.
At the time the Hollywood characters of Charlie Chan and Mr. Moto were popular in the Indies, leading Jo to direct a detective film which he though would be successful with ethnic Chinese audiences.
Pancasila Youth played an important role in supporting Suharto's military coup in 1965: they ran death squads for the Indonesian army, killing a million or more alleged communists and Chinese Indonesians across the province of North Sumatra, as described in the 2012 documentary The Act of Killing.
Unlike the agricultural kingdoms of the hinterland, the pasisiran economy has been based on trade via the Java Sea and its cultural identity has been shaped by foreign contacts and the presence of Arab Indonesians and Chinese Indonesians.
Meanwhile, Pramoedya Ananta Toer in his biography of Tirto writes that Tirto was caught giving a prescription to a Chinese man who did not need it, leading to Tirto's expulsion.