Among the controversies which he sat as judge or arbitrator were: the Pious Fund Affair, between Mexico and the United States – the first case determined by the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague – and the dispute between Great Britain and France over Newfoundland in 1891.
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He represented Russia at the Hague Peace Conferences, (during which he drafted the Martens Clause), and helped to settle the first cases of international arbitration, notably the dispute between France and Great Britain over Newfoundland.
Friedrich Nietzsche | Friedrich Schiller | Friedrich Engels | Carl Friedrich Gauss | Karl Friedrich Schinkel | Friedrich Dürrenmatt | Friedrich Hayek | Caspar David Friedrich | Wilfried Martens | Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel | Friedrich Hölderlin | Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle | Friedrich Ebert | Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling | Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel | Friedrich Gulda | Friedrich Rückert | Friedrich Paulus | Johann Friedrich Böttger | Friedrich von Huene | Friedrich List | Friedrich | Dr. Martens | Christian Heinrich Friedrich Peters | Johann Friedrich Blumenbach | Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Bülow | Friedrich Specht | Friedrich Schleiermacher | Friedrich Schlegel | Friedrich Karl Dörner |
From January 1, 1897, he taught at the University of Kharkov, from 1903 to 1911 at University of Saint Petersburg (replaced his teacher at the Department of Friedrich Martens), from 1909 to 1917 at Imperial School of Jurisprudence.