X-Nico

2 unusual facts about Peptide


Alanna Schepartz

Her research has contributed to three different areas of chemical biology: protein-DNA recognition and transcriptional activation; the development of miniature proteins that bind specifically and with high affinity to protein and DNA; and the development of β-peptides as protein ligands and as building blocks of protein-like architectures.

Immunoglobulin light chain

The immunoglobulin light chain is the small polypeptide subunit of an antibody (immunoglobulin).


2012 Brownlow Medal

In June 2013, after many months of speculation and investigation into the Essendon Football Club supplements controversy, Jobe Watson admitted that he believed that he had been injected with a peptide-fragment, AOD-9604.

23S ribosomal RNA

A well-known member of this antibiotic class, Chloramphenicol, acts by inhibiting peptide bond formation, with recent 3D-structural studies showing two different binding sites depending on the species of ribosome.

Aurein

This family of antibacterial peptides are secreted from the granular dorsal glands of Litoria aurea (Green and golden bell frog), Litoria raniformis (Southern bell frog), Litoria citropa (Australian blue mountains tree frog) and frogs from genus Uperoleia.

Bengt Nordén

He has developed novel DNA-binding ligands, such as bis-intercalating compounds and peptide nucleic acids (PNA), and demonstrated DNA-ligand reorganisations between groove-binding and intercalation binding geometries involving extreme activation energies and recognition due to kinetic (in contrast to thermodynamic) selection.

Beta hairpin

Researchers such as Francisco Blanco et al. have used protein NMR to show that beta-hairpins can be formed from isolated short peptides in aqueous solution, suggesting that hairpins could form nucleation sites for protein folding.

Beta-secretase 2

Cerebral deposition of amyloid beta peptide is an early and critical feature of Alzheimer's disease and a frequent complication of Down syndrome.

BmKAEP

At the NCBI Protein Database, the full name of this peptide is listed as "Toxin BmKAEP".

Casomorphin

Casein has been documented to break down in the stomach to produce the peptide casomorphin (above stated that "Human digestion may break down casomorphins into inactive dipeptides by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4"), an opioid that acts as a histamine releaser.

Chlorotoxin

Chlorotoxin is a 36-amino acid peptide found in the venom of the deathstalker scorpion (Leiurus quinquestriatus) which blocks small-conductance chloride channels.

Chou’s distorted key theory for peptide drugs

According to Fisher’s lock-and-key model proposed by Hermann Emil Fischer in 1884 and Koshland’s induced fit theory by Daniel E. Koshland, Jr. in 1958, given a peptide, the prerequisite condition for it to be cleaved by HIV-protease is a good fit and binding between the substrate and the enzyme’s active site.

Copper peptide GHK-Cu

In 2009, a group of researchers from the Seoul National University (Republic of Korea) demonstrated that the copper-peptide GHK-Cu stimulated proliferation of keratinocytes and increased expression of integrins and p63 protein in the epidermal stem cells.

Defensin, beta 1

This gene encodes defensin, beta 1, an antimicrobial peptide implicated in the resistance of epithelial surfaces to microbial colonization.

Glucagon-like peptide 2 receptor

Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP2) is a 33-amino acid proglucagon-derived peptide produced by intestinal enteroendocrine cells.

GSK716155

GSK716155 (Albugon) is a recombinant human glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1-Albumin protein created using Human Genome Sciences' proprietary albumin fusion technology, which involves fusing the gene that expresses human albumin to the gene that expresses a therapeutically active protein (GLP-1)1.

Hair cell

The presynaptic terminal bouton is filled with vesicles containing acetylcholine and a neuropeptide called Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP).

IL1A

IL-1α is a unique member in the cytokine family in the sense that the structure of its initially synthesized precursor does not contain a signal peptide fragment (same is known for IL-1β and IL-18).

K-Casein

Chymosin (EC 3.4.23.4) is an aspartic protease that specifically hydrolyzes the peptide bond in Phe105-Met106 of κ- casein and is considered to be the most efficient protease for the cheesemaking industry.

Lisinopril

Like other ACE inhibitors, it is a synthetic functional and structural analog of a peptide derived from the venom of the jararaca, a Brazilian pit viper (Bothrops jararaca).

Magainin

Their discovery represented the first example of an antimicrobial peptide produced in the skin of an animal, and complemented prior studies by Hans Boman of Sweden in the Cecropia moth, and Robert Lehrer (US) in rabbit white blood cells (defensins), supporting the widespread existence of antimicrobial peptides throughout nature.

Medwell Capital

Medwell Capital obtained an exclusive worldwide license to proprietary technology developed at the MS Patient Care and Research Clinic at the University of Alberta for the treatment of MS. The compound, dirucotide (MBP8298), is a synthetic myelin basic protein peptide composed of 17 amino acids which is intravenously injected (every six months) into MS patients as a therapeutic treatment.

Mutated citrullinated vimentin

Anti-MCV antibodies are a member of the ACPA family, a group of the so-called antibodies to citrullinated protein/peptide antigens.

Native chemical ligation

In the 1990s, Stephen Kent and coworkers at The Scripps Research Institute independently developed "Native Chemical Ligation", the first practical method to ligate large unprotected peptide fragments.

Natural killer T cell

They and other CD1d-restricted T cells ('Type 2' NKT) recognize lipids and glycolipids presented by CD1d molecules, a member of the CD1 family of antigen presenting molecules, rather than peptide-MHC complexes.

Neuroendocrinology

Guillemin and Schally were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1977 for their contributions to understanding "the peptide hormone production of the brain".

Padmanabhan Balaram

Along with Isabella Karle, a frequent collaborator, he has also pioneered the use of alpha-amino isobutyric acid to induce and retain helicity and constrain peptide conformations.

Relaxin

The relaxin-like peptide family belongs in the insulin superfamily and consists of 7 peptides of high structural but low sequence similarity; relaxin-1 (RLN1), 2 (RLN2) and 3 (RLN3), and the insulin-like (INSL) peptides, INSL3, INSL4, INSL5 and INSL6.

Spider toxin

A representative of this group is hanatoxin, a 35 amino acid peptide toxin which was isolated from Chilean rose tarantula (Grammostola rosea, syn. G. spatulata) venom.

Tripeptide

Eisenin (pGlu-Gln-Ala-OH) is a peptide with immunological activity that is isolated from the Japanese marine alga, Eisenia bicyclis, which more commonly is known as, Arame

William Bayliss

The Bayliss and Starling Society was founded in 1979 as a forum for scientists with research interests in central and autonomic peptide function.

XPNPEP1

Because of its specificity toward proline, it has been suggested that X-prolyl aminopeptidase is important in the maturation and degradation of peptide hormones, neuropeptides, and tachykinins, as well as in the digestion of otherwise resistant dietary protein fragments, thereby complementing the pancreatic peptidases.

YY

Peptide YY 3-36, a peptide secreted by the gut in response to a meal, and reduces appetite


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