X-Nico

5 unusual facts about particle


Francis H. Harlow

He is known for his fundamental contributions to the development of several CFD algorithms for computer simulation of fluid flows, including Particle-In-Cell (PIC), Fluid-In-Cell (FLIC), and Marker-and-Cell (MAC) methods.

Particle-in-cell

It is allowed to rescale the number of particles, because the Lorentz force depends only on the charge to mass ratio, so a super-particle will follow the same trajectory as a real particle would.

The method gained popularity for plasma simulation in the late 1950s and early 1960s by Buneman, Dawson, Hockney, Birdsall, Morse and others.

The set of equations associated with PIC codes are therefore the Lorentz force as the equation of motion, solved in the so-called pusher or particle mover of the code, and Maxwell's equations determining the electric and magnetic fields, calculated in the (field) solver.

Particle-induced X-ray emission

In order to get a meaningful sulfur signal from the analysis, the buffer should not contain sulfur (i.e. no BES, DDT, HEPES, MES, MOPSO or PIPES compounds).


Adhesive

Masonite, a wood hardboard, was bonded using natural lignin, (although most modern MDF particle boards use synthetic thermosetting resins).

Alec Merrison

Leaving Harwell in 1951 for the University of Liverpool he was Leverhulme Fellow and Lecturer (Ph.D. 1957), beginning ten years of research on elementary particle physics, using newly developed proton synchrotron machines.

Bloch's theorem

For the theorem named after Felix Bloch on wave functions of a particle in a periodic potential, see Bloch wave.

Blue skies research

In 1980, British Petroleum (known as BP after 2000) established a blue skies research initiative called the Venture Research Unit, headed by particle physicist Donald Braben.

Bragg's law

Thus, it has been known for many years that, due to repulsive Coulombic interactions, electrically charged macromolecules in an aqueous environment can exhibit long-range crystal-like correlations with interparticle separation distances often being considerably greater than the individual particle diameter.

Brownleeite

It was discovered by researchers of the Johnson Space Center in Houston while analyzing the Pi Puppid particle shower of the comet 26P/Grigg-Skjellerup.

Bruce Winstein

Bruce Winstein (25 September 1943, Los Angeles – 28 February 2011) was an experimental physicist and cosmologist noted for his early work in elementary particle physics, particularly work toward demonstrating a serious asymmetry between particles and their anti-particles (CP violation).

C. V. Vishveshwara

With initial interest in particle physics Vishveshwara joined Columbia University,where Robert W. Fuller was his mentor.

Capsid

The viral particle must be metastable so that interactions can be reversed readily when entering and uncoating a new host cell.

Clementi Secondary School

Prof. Sau Lan Wu, Physicist, Enrico Fermi and Vilas Professor of Physics at University of Wisconsin-Madison and winner of 1995 High Energy and Particle Physics Prize of the European Physical Society for "the first evidence for three-jet events in e+e- collisions at PETRA"

Collisional cascading

Collision cascade, collisions of atoms induced by an energetic particle in a solid or liquid

Danilo Zavrtanik

Before 1995 he was active in eksperimental particle physics through international collaborations CPLEAR and DELPHI at CERN, where he was involved in the development of particle detectors, studies of CP, T and CPT violation in the decays of neutral kaons K0 and studies of heavy quark decays, W gauge boson decays and Higgs boson searches.

DEAP

Two photomultiplier tubes are used to detect the scintillation light produced by a particle interacting with the argon.

E.G.D. Cohen

Later with Denis Evans and Gary Morriss in 1990 he proved that for certain classes of thermostatted nonequilibrium steady states the relevant transport coefficient the transport coefficient has a simple relation to the sum of the largest and smallest Lyapunov exponents describing the trajectory of the N-particle steady state system in phase space.

Electron neutrino

When James Chadwick discovered a much more massive nuclear particle in 1932 and also named it a neutron, this left the two particles with the same name.

Fayón

:For the subatomic particle, see List of mesons

Feret diameter

Feret diameter is used in the analysis of particle size and its distribution, e.g. in a powder or a polycrystalline solid; Alternative measures include Martin diameter, Krumbein diameter and Heywood diameter.

Feynman checkerboard

One of the first connections between the amplitudes prescribed by Feynman for the Dirac particle in 1+1 dimensions, and the standard interpretation of amplitudes in terms of the Kernel or propagator, was established by Jayant Narlikar in a detailed analysis.

Georgia Institute of Technology School of Physics

In terms of pure research, David Finkelstein heads the Quantum Relativity Group, which specializes in fundamental theoretical problems involving the search for simpler, unified models that adequately account for both the "Standard Model" in particle physics and the relativistic nature of space and time.

Holometer

Craig Hogan, a particle astrophysicist at Fermilab, states about the experiment, "What we’re looking for is when the lasers lose step with each other. We’re trying to detect the smallest unit in the universe. This is really great fun, a sort of old-fashioned physics experiment where you don’t know what the result will be."

IFIC

Instituto de Física Corpuscular, a particle physics research center in Valencia, Spain.

Isotropy

Isotropic radiation has the same intensity regardless of the direction of measurement, and an isotropic field exerts the same action regardless of how the test particle is oriented.

Izon Science

:* Particle-based drug delivery systems (e.g. liposomes, nano- and micro- bubbles, polymers, "Smart" drug delivery particles, etc)

John Clauser

Also in 1974 he made the first observation of sub-Poissonian statistics for light (via a violation of the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality for classical electromagnetic fields), and thereby, for the first time, demonstrated an unambiguous particle-like character for photons.

Joule per mole

1 kJ·mol−1 is equal to 0.239 eV per particle.

Lecithin—cholesterol acyltransferase

Lecithin—cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT, also called phosphatidylcholine-sterol O-acyltransferase) is an enzyme that converts free cholesterol into cholesteryl ester (a more hydrophobic form of cholesterol), which is then sequestered into the core of a lipoprotein particle, eventually making the newly synthesized HDL spherical and forcing the reaction to become unidirectional since the particles are removed from the surface.

LEMO

The LEMO 00, a miniature push-pull 50Ω coaxial connector, is used as front panel connectors in the Nuclear Instrumentation Module (NIM) and Computer Automated Measurement and Control (CAMAC) modular electronics standards used in instrumentation for nuclear and particle physics, where it is used as a replacement for BNC connectors in high density designs (because the LEMO connector is much smaller in size than a BNC).

Leonard Parker

Specifically, by applying the technique of Bogoliubov transformations to quantum field theory with a changing gravitational field, he discovered the physical mechanism now known as gravitational particle production.

Lepton

It determines the strength of the electric field generated by the particle (see Coulomb's law) and how strongly the particle reacts to an external electric or magnetic field (see Lorentz force).

Lipoprotein

Binding of LDL to its target tissue occurs through an interaction between the LDL receptor and apolipoprotein B-100 on the LDL particle.

Nataraja

In 2004, a 2m statue of the dancing Shiva was unveiled at CERN, the European Center for Research in Particle Physics in Geneva.

Negatron

Electron, a subatomic particle formerly and occasionally known as negatron

Neuroevolution of augmenting topologies

The first video game to implement cgNEAT is Galactic Arms Race, a space-shooter game in which unique particle system weapons are evolved based player usage statistics.

Non-Evaporable Getter

Sintered onto the inner surface of high vacuum vessels, the NEG coating can be applied even to spaces that are narrow and hard to pump out, which makes it very popular in particle accelerators where this is an issue.

Nuclear electronics

Essential elements of such systems include fast detectors for charged particles, discriminators for separating them by energy, counters for counting the pulses produced by individual particles, fast logic circuits (including coincidence and veto gates), for identification of particular types of complex particle events, and pulse height analyzers (PHAs) for sorting and counting gamma rays or particle interactions by energy, for spectral analysis.

Nuclear thermal rocket

From 1987 through 1991, the SDI Office funded Project Timberwind, a non-rotating nuclear thermal rocket based on particle bed technology.

Pakistan Atomic Research Reactor

Known as a Charged Particle Accelerator (CPA), the nuclear accelerator is a 250 keV Ion accelerator which can deliver all Gaseous ions such as +H, +N, +O, +He, +Ne, +Ar, +Kr, +Xe or molecular ions.

Particle physics in cosmology

Cosmological observations of phenomena such as the cosmic microwave background and the cosmic abundance of elements, together with the predictions of the Standard Model of particle physics, place constraints on the conditions of the early universe.

Partitiviridae

The genome segments are packaged in the same virus particle, the larger segment codes for the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and the smaller codes for the coat protein.

Ransom Stephens

As a particle physicist, Ransom Stephens worked on experiments at SLAC, Fermilab, CERN, and Cornell, discovered a new type of matter, and worked on the team that discovered the Top quark.

Rutherford backscattering spectrometry

If the energy of the incident particle is increased sufficiently, the Coulomb barrier is exceeded and the wavefunctions of the incident and struck particles overlap.

Saint-Genis-Pouilly

A large portion of CERN, the European laboratory for particle physics, is located in the territory of Saint-Genis-Pouilly.

Scintillating bolometer

The luminescent bolometer has since then been developed by scientists from several groups, including the CNRS Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale and University of Zaragoza collaboration in view of the proposed ROSEBUD particle detector experiment in the Canfranc Underground Laboratory.

Timothy M. P. Tait

Tim Tait (born May 29, 1971 in Owen Sound, Canada) is an American/Canadian particle physicist, specializing in theoretical physics, elementary particles and theories of dark matter.

United States Military Standard

MIL-STD-1246C, particle and molecular contamination levels for space hardware (has been replaced with IEST-STD-CC1246D).

Wolfram Burgard

In 1999, Frank Dellaert, Dieter Fox, Sebastian Thrun, and Wolfram Burgard developed Monte Carlo localization, a probabilistic approach to mobile robot localization that is based on particle filters.

Zitterbewegung

Stochastic electrodynamics: Zitterbewegung is explained as an interaction of a classical particle with the zero-point field.


see also