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unusual facts about enzymes



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Active transport

Most of the enzymes that perform this type of transport are transmembrane ATPases.

Adam7

ADAM7, protein, a member of the metallopeptidase family of enzymes

Allosteric enzyme

Allosteric enzymes are enzymes that change their conformational ensemble upon binding of an effector, which results in an apparent change in binding affinity at a different ligand binding site.

Angel Ortiz

He became involved in a project financed mostly by Menarini Pharmaceuticals, aimed at the rationalization of the biochemical activity of a number of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes from different sources and, ultimately, at the design of novel inhibitors of human synovial fluid PLA2 tagged as anti-inflammatory agents.

Atherosclerosis

A complex set of biochemical reactions regulates the oxidation of LDL, involving enzymes (such as Lp-LpA2) and free radicals in the endothelium.

ATP7A

The protein normally resides in a cell structure called the Golgi apparatus, which modifies and transports newly produced enzymes and other proteins.

Atromentin

The first enzymes in its biosynthesis have been characterised in Tapinella panuoides.

B-cell receptor

These result in recruitment and summoning of the IKK (IkB kinase), TAK1 by several ubiquitylation enzymes also associated with the CARMA1/BCL10/MALT1 complex.

Bernard H. Lavenda

Having passed the entrance examination for the doctoral program at the Weizmann Institute of Science, he began experimental work on enzymes under the direction of Ephraim Katzir, who was later to become the President of Israel.

Consensus sequence

Such information is important when considering sequence dependent enzymes such as RNA polymerase.

Cooperstown cocktail

The drugs and the enzymes they probe are as follows - caffeine (probes CYP1A2, N-acetyltransferase 2, xanthine oxidase), midazolam (probes CYP3A), omeprazole (probes CYP2C19) and dextromethorphan (probes CYP2D6).

Cytochrome P450 reductase

Five missense mutations (A284P, R454H, V489E, C566Y, and V605F) and a splicing mutation in the POR genes have been found in patients who had hormonal evidence for combined deficiencies of two steroidogenic cytochrome P450 enzymes - P450c17 CYP17A1, which catalyzes steroid 17α-hydroxylation and 17,20 lyase reaction, and P450c21 21-Hydroxylase, which catalyzes steroid 21-hydroxylation.

Davy Medal

The medal was most recently awarded to Fraser Armstrong "for his pioneering protein film electrochemistry allowing exquisite thermodynamic and kinetic control of redox enzymes, exemplified by hydrogenases, key in energy technology.".

Desizing

Amylases are the enzymes that hydrolyses and reduce the molecular weight of amylose and amylopectin molecules in starch, rendering it water soluble enough to be washed off the fabric.

Dirigent

Dirigent protein, a class of proteins which dictate the stereochemistry of a compound synthesized by other enzymes

Drilus flavescens

They live on the ground in the shells of snails (frequently Fruticicola fruticum O. F. Müller, 1774), feeding of the inhabitants, previously killed with a poisonous bite and sucked in with the help of digestive enzymes.

Epimerox

2-Epimerase was discovered as a target because it was one of the enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway for synthesizing an essential neutral polysaccharide in the cell wall of B. anthracis (Glu:Gal-NAc:Man-NAc at a 3:2:1 ratio).

Esophageal food bolus obstruction

Historical treatment of food bolus obstruction included administration of proteolytic enzymes (such as meat tenderizers), or even acidic substances, such as Coca-Cola with the purpose of degrading the meat that was blocked; however, it is possible that these methods may increase the risk of perforation of the esophagus.

Eudysmic ratio

There are no reasons to believe that humans are exceptional, they have all required enzymes (DDO, DAO).

Ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase

Specifically, the Ferredoxin-Thioredoxin system controls enzymes in the Calvin Cycle and Pentose phosphate pathway - allowing plants to balance carbohydrate synthesis and degradation based on the availability of light.

Five prime cap

The enzymes for capping can only bind to RNA polymerase II ensuring specificity to only these transcripts, which are almost entirely mRNA.

Fogger

Piperonyl butoxide and n-octyl bicycloheptene dicarboximide often are added to pyrethrin products to inhibit insects' microsomal enzymes that detoxify pyrethrins.

Force spectroscopy

In this way a great deal has been learned in recent years about the mechanochemical coupling in the enzymes responsible for muscle contraction, transport in the cell, energy generation (F1-ATPase), DNA replication and transcription (polymerases), DNA unknotting and unwinding (topoisomerases and helicases), and so on.

HS3ST3B1

The Sulfotransferase domain of this enzyme is highly similar to the same domain of heparan sulfate D-glucosaminyl 3-O-sulfotransferase 3A1 and these two enzymes sulfate an identical disaccharide.

IMPDH/GMPR family

In molecular biology, the IMPDH/GMPR family of enzymes includes IMP dehydrogenase and GMP reductase.

Insulin signal transduction pathway and regulation of blood glucose

Signal transduction is a mechanism in which the cell responds to a signal from the environment by activating several proteins and enzymes that will give a response to the signal.

Kifunensine

In the lysosomal storage disorders Gaucher’s and Tay-Sachs disease, endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) prevents the native folding of mutated lysosomal enzymes in a patient’s fibroblasts.

Lhermitte–Duclos disease

Like cowden syndrome, patients with Lhermitte–Duclos disease often have mutations in enzymes involved in the Akt/PKB signaling pathway, which plays a role in cell growth.

Malcolm Reed

Reed is allergic to dust mites, oak pollen, tropical grasses, and various plant enzymes, including bromelin, which, ironically, is found in pineapple, his favorite food.

Medical genetics

Examples include the use of high doses of pyridoxine (vitamin B6) in some patients with homocystinuria to boost the activity of the residual cystathione synthase enzyme, administration of biotin to restore activity of several enzymes affected by deficiency of biotinidase, treatment with NTBC in Tyrosinemia to inhibit the production of succinylacetone which causes liver toxicity, and the use of sodium benzoate to decrease ammonia build-up in urea cycle disorders.

Multiple cloning site

It has restriction sites for various restriction enzymes, including EcoRI, BamHI and PstI.

Neotyphodium

Key genes and enzymes for ergot alkaloid biosynthesis have been identified in epichloae and include dmaW, encoding dimethylallyl-tryptophan synthase and lpsA, a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase.

Nuclease

In the late 1960s, scientists Stuart Linn and Werner Arber isolated examples of the two types of enzymes responsible for phage growth restriction in Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria.

Ocular albinism type 1

These melanin macroglobules are probably formed due to failure of melanosomes to separate from the ER-golgi system with the accumulation of enzymes and other secretory proteins leading to an increase organelle size.

Phospholipase C

Other phospholipase C enzymes have been identified in bacteria and in trypanosomes, each with its own EC number

Platelet-activating factor

The enzymes within this family are lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, cytoplasmic platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase 2, and platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase 1b.

Proopiomelanocortin

Enzymes responsible for processing of POMC peptides include prohormone convertase 1 (PC1), prohormone convertase 2 (PC2), carboxypeptidase E (CPE), peptidyl α-amidating monooxygenase (PAM), N-acetyltransferase (N-AT), and prolylcarboxypeptidase (PRCP).

PUC19

The recognition sites for HindIII, SphI, PstI, SalI, XbaI, BamHI, SmaI, KpnI, SacI and EcoRI restriction enzymes have been derived from the vector M13mp19.

Recombinant DNA

;Golden rice : a recombinant variety of rice that has been engineered to express the enzymes responsible for β-carotene biosynthesis.

Ribonucleotide reductase

Class I RNR enzymes are constructed from large RNR1 and small RNR2 subunits which associate to form an active heterodimeric tetramer.

Robert B Mellor

However Mellor was also interested in applied science and invented and a patented system to power immobilized oxido-reductase enzymes and artificial co-factors using electrical power out of a domestic socket.

Rossmann fold

In 1989, Israel Hanukoglu from the Weizmann Institute of Science discovered that the consensus sequence for NADP binding site in some enzymes that utilize NADP differs from the NAD binding motif.

Stanley Salmons

Henriksson, M. M. Chi, C. S. Hintz, D. A. Young, K. K. Kaiser, S. Salmons, and O. H. Lowry "Chronic stimulation of mammalian muscle: changes in enzymes of six metabolic pathways" American Journal of Physiology: Cell Physiology.

Steen Riisgaard

Steen Riisgaard is the former President and CEO of Denmark-based biotech company Novozymes, the world’s largest producer of industrial enzymes.

Steven Block

As an independent scientist, Block has pioneered the use of optical tweezers, a technique developed by Arthur Ashkin, to study biological enzymes and polymers at the single-molecule level.

Thermus aquaticus

Other enzymes isolated from this organism include DNA ligase, alkaline phosphatase, NADH oxidase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, amylomaltase, and fructose 1,6-disphosphate-dependent L-lactate dehydrogenase.

Transsulfuration pathway

All four transsulfuration enzymes are PLP enzymes and all bar Cystathionine γ-synthase are members of the Cys/Met metabolism PLP-dependent enzyme family (type I PLP enzymes).

Tricin synthase

The enzymes from Oryza sativa (ROMT-15 and ROMT-17) catalyses the stepwise methylation of tricetin to its 3'-mono- and 3',5'-dimethyl ethers.


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