Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency is very common worldwide, and causes acute hemolytic anemia in the presence of simple infection, ingestion of fava beans, or reaction with certain medicines, antibiotics, antipyretics, and antimalarials.
Large doses of menadione have been reported to cause adverse outcomes including hemolytic anemia due to G6PD deficiency, neonatal brain or liver damage, or neonatal death in some rare cases.
NADH dehydrogenase | phosphate | Lactate dehydrogenase | glucose | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate | Phosphate | British Phosphate Commission | NADPH dehydrogenase | Malate dehydrogenase | Lactate dehydrogenase elevating virus | IMP dehydrogenase | Imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase | Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency | Glucose | Succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit C | Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase deficiency | Pyruvate dehydrogenase | Phosphorus deficiency | Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase | Phosphate minerals | Phosphate conversion coating | Pentose phosphate pathway | Nitrogen deficiency | Nauru Phosphate Corporation | N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase | methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP+) | lithium iron phosphate | Lipoprotein lipase deficiency | lactate dehydrogenase | Iron deficiency (medicine) |
Glycated hemoglobin (hemoglobin A1c or HbA1c), a surrogate marker for blood glucose levels
In August 1960, in Prague, Robert K. Crane presented for the first time his discovery of the sodium-glucose cotransport as the mechanism for intestinal glucose absorption.
Together with his colleagues from the Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Disease at University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Janež co-authored the algorithm used in insulin pump treatment, as well as tutored virtually all Slovenian diabetologists in usage of both insulin pump and glucose sensor.
Cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside 5-O-glucosyltransferase uses UDP-glucose and cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside (antirrhinin) to produce UDP and cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside 5-O-beta-D-glucoside.
APLP1 and APLP2 double knockout mice display hypoglycemia and hyperinsulinemia indicating that these two proteins are important modulators of glucose and insulin homeostasis.
When the glucose concentration outside the cell is high, glucose molecules move into the cell by facilitated diffusion, down its concentration gradient through the GLUT2 transporter.
In 2010, researchers from Karolinska Institutet in Sweden and University of Nigeria, Nsukka, showed that Igbos born in Biafra during the years of the famine were of higher risk of suffering from overweight, hypertension and impaired glucose metabolism compared to controls born a short period after the famine had ended.
The principles, history and recent developments of operation of electrochemical glucose biosensors are discussed in a chemical review by Joseph Wang.
The Glucommander is intended to evaluate the current as well as cumulative patient blood glucose values, and, based on the aggregate of those measurements, whether one or many, regulate the infusion of I.V. fluids, through an I.V. infusion pump, and drive the blood glucose level towards a predetermined target range.
Glycogenolysis - the breakdown of glycogen into glucose, which provides a glucose supply for glucose-dependent tissues.
For reasons of structural complexity, there is no condensed chemical formula (or semi-structural formula) that specifies glucose (and there exist many different molecules, for example fructose and mannose, have the same molecular formula Corn Refiners Association
Three of the five experts recommended alternate names, including Michael Pollan who suggested "enzymatically altered corn glucose".
Named after the English biochemist Herbert Grace Crabtree, the Crabtree effect describes the phenomenon whereby the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, produces ethanol (alcohol) aerobically in the presence of high external glucose concentrations rather than producing biomass via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, the usual process occurring aerobically in most yeasts e.g. Kluyveromyces spp.
The first protein structures of a dTDP-glucose 4,6-dehydratase (RmlB) were completed by Jim Thoden in the Hazel Holden lab (University of Wisconsin–Madison) and Simon Allard in the Jim Naismith lab (University of St Andrews).
The main ingredients in Dubble Bubble gum are Sugar, Dextrose, Corn Syrup, Gum Base, Tapioca Dextrin, Titanium Dioxide, Confectioner's Glaze, Carnauba Wax, Corn Starch, Artificial Flavors, Artificial Colors, (FD&C Red 40, Blue 1, Yellow 5, Yellow 6, Red 3), BHT (to maintain freshness), Milk and Soy.
2-Epimerase was discovered as a target because it was one of the enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway for synthesizing an essential neutral polysaccharide in the cell wall of B. anthracis (Glu:Gal-NAc:Man-NAc at a 3:2:1 ratio).
These studies took advantage of the fact that NAPDH, in its reduced form, is autofluorescent, and that metabolites such as glucose cause a predictable increase in NAPDH reduction.
Aldolase has also been implicated in many "moonlighting" or non-catalytic functions, based upon its binding affinity for multiple other proteins including F-actin, α-tubulin, light chain dynein, WASP, Band 3 anion exchanger, phospholipase D (PLD2), glucose transporter GLUT4, inositol trisphosphate, V-ATPase and ARNO (a guanine nucleotide exchange factor of ARF6).
Because glucose travels across the placenta (through diffusion facilitated by GLUT3 carriers), in untreated gestational diabetes the fetus is exposed to consistently higher glucose levels.
Glucokinase, an enzyme that facilitates the phosphorylation of glucose into glucose 6-phosphate.
It is formed by a gallate 1-beta-glucosyltransferase (UDP-glucose: gallate glucosyltransferase), an enzyme performing the esterification of two substrates, UDP-glucose and gallate to yield two products, UDP and glucogallin.
This understanding occurred largely as a result of the investigations of Emil Fischer, a German chemist who received the 1902 Nobel Prize in Chemistry as a result of his findings.
A deficiency in glucose 6-phosphatase that disrupts the liver glucose cycle, can lead to von Gierke's disease.
The overall pathway of glucosepane formation starts with lysine attacking the reducing sugar D-glucose to form the unstable imine known as a Schiff base, which then rearranges to form the more stable aminoketose Amadori product.
Sinalbin occurs in white pepper; it decomposes to the mustard oil, glucose and sinapin, a compound of choline and sinapic acid.
The use of hemoglobin A1c for monitoring the degree of control of glucose metabolism in diabetic patients was proposed in 1976 by Anthony Cerami, Ronald Koenig and coworkers.
Thanks to the presence of the glucose-6-phosphatase enzyme (G6PC), the hepatocytes are capable to turn G6PC to glucose and release it to blood so as to prevent the hypoglycemia.
The phosphate group of glucose-6-phosphate is removed by the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase, which is not present in myocytes, and the free glucose exits the cell via GLUT2 facilitated diffusion channels in the hepatocyte cell membrane.
This organic compound was studied by French chemist Louis Maillard in 1912 in studies on non-enzymatic reactions of glucose.
Since the 1960s, it is produced industrially by fermentation of carbohydrates such as glucose using Aspergillus terreus.
The Pak is a sling-style bag containing educational materials and resources targeted at adults, including the Adult Type 1 Toolkit (described below), Mary Tyler Moore’s memoir “Growing Up Again” about her own diagnosis with T1D in adulthood, and a Bayer Contour Next USB Blood Glucose Monitoring System.
In the pancreas these genes influence expression of, among others, the genes for insulin, the principal glucose transporter (GLUT2), and several proteins involved in glucose and mitochondrial metabolism.
In 1920, he co-developed with Hsien Wu the Folin-Wu method of assaying glucose in protein-free filtrates of blood.
Parle-G or Parle Glucose is a brand of biscuits manufactured by Parle Products in India.
In this condition, a deficiency of the M subunit (PFKM) of the phosphofructokinase enzyme impairs the ability of cells such as erythrocytes and rhabdomyocytes (skeletal muscle cells) to use carbohydrates (such as glucose) for energy.
Reactive flash volatilization was demonstrated in 2006 in the journal Science by the high temperature (700–800 °C) conversion of soybean oil (triglycerides) and sugar (D-(+)-glucose) to synthesis gas (H2 + CO) and olefins (ethylene and propylene).
In this method, fruit flies were attracted to a mixture of wine, vinegar, yeast bouillon, and sorbitol, a substance easily chemically prepared from glucose.
In 2006, a Tokushima University research team published a report which suggests that the fruit may be effective in lowering glucose levels in diabetic patients.
After it was discovered that trypanosomes require a plentiful supply of glucose in order to reproduce, researchers tested Synthalin and related compounds to see if they could be effective treatments.
Captain Glucose and Meter Boy: The Diabetes Duo are internationally known and have been featured on many professional sites and blogs including International Diabetes Federation and contributed to their World Diabetes Day project; Diabetes Hands Foundation.
Trimethylsilylation can also be used to increase the volatility of a compound, enabling gas chromatography of normally nonvolatile substances such as glucose.
An immediate effect of low intracellular glucose is reduced ATP production in the cell.
Modifications to this flux that may improve ethanol production include deleting the GND1 gene, or the ZWF1 gene.
Gluconic acid is found naturally, and is industrially manufactured by the fermentation of glucose, typically by Aspergillus niger, but also by other fungi, e.g. Penicillium, or by bacteria, e.g. Acetobacter, Pseudomonas and Gluconobacter.