X-Nico

unusual facts about glucose-6-phosphatase



A1C

Glycated hemoglobin (hemoglobin A1c or HbA1c), a surrogate marker for blood glucose levels

Active transport

In August 1960, in Prague, Robert K. Crane presented for the first time his discovery of the sodium-glucose cotransport as the mechanism for intestinal glucose absorption.

Andrej Janež

Together with his colleagues from the Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Disease at University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Janež co-authored the algorithm used in insulin pump treatment, as well as tutored virtually all Slovenian diabetologists in usage of both insulin pump and glucose sensor.

Antirrhinin

Cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside 5-O-glucosyltransferase uses UDP-glucose and cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside (antirrhinin) to produce UDP and cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside 5-O-beta-D-glucoside.

APLP2

APLP1 and APLP2 double knockout mice display hypoglycemia and hyperinsulinemia indicating that these two proteins are important modulators of glucose and insulin homeostasis.

Beta cell

When the glucose concentration outside the cell is high, glucose molecules move into the cell by facilitated diffusion, down its concentration gradient through the GLUT2 transporter.

Biafra

In 2010, researchers from Karolinska Institutet in Sweden and University of Nigeria, Nsukka, showed that Igbos born in Biafra during the years of the famine were of higher risk of suffering from overweight, hypertension and impaired glucose metabolism compared to controls born a short period after the famine had ended.

Blood glucose monitoring

The principles, history and recent developments of operation of electrochemical glucose biosensors are discussed in a chemical review by Joseph Wang.

Carbohydrate metabolism

Glycogenolysis - the breakdown of glycogen into glucose, which provides a glucose supply for glucose-dependent tissues.

Chemical formula

For reasons of structural complexity, there is no condensed chemical formula (or semi-structural formula) that specifies glucose (and there exist many different molecules, for example fructose and mannose, have the same molecular formula Corn Refiners Association

Three of the five experts recommended alternate names, including Michael Pollan who suggested "enzymatically altered corn glucose".

Crabtree effect

Named after the English biochemist Herbert Grace Crabtree, the Crabtree effect describes the phenomenon whereby the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, produces ethanol (alcohol) aerobically in the presence of high external glucose concentrations rather than producing biomass via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, the usual process occurring aerobically in most yeasts e.g. Kluyveromyces spp.

DTDP-glucose 4,6-dehydratase

The first protein structures of a dTDP-glucose 4,6-dehydratase (RmlB) were completed by Jim Thoden in the Hazel Holden lab (University of Wisconsin–Madison) and Simon Allard in the Jim Naismith lab (University of St Andrews).

Dubble Bubble

The main ingredients in Dubble Bubble gum are Sugar, Dextrose, Corn Syrup, Gum Base, Tapioca Dextrin, Titanium Dioxide, Confectioner's Glaze, Carnauba Wax, Corn Starch, Artificial Flavors, Artificial Colors, (FD&C Red 40, Blue 1, Yellow 5, Yellow 6, Red 3), BHT (to maintain freshness), Milk and Soy.

Epimerox

2-Epimerase was discovered as a target because it was one of the enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway for synthesizing an essential neutral polysaccharide in the cell wall of B. anthracis (Glu:Gal-NAc:Man-NAc at a 3:2:1 ratio).

Fluorescent glucose biosensor

These studies took advantage of the fact that NAPDH, in its reduced form, is autofluorescent, and that metabolites such as glucose cause a predictable increase in NAPDH reduction.

Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase

Aldolase has also been implicated in many "moonlighting" or non-catalytic functions, based upon its binding affinity for multiple other proteins including F-actin, α-tubulin, light chain dynein, WASP, Band 3 anion exchanger, phospholipase D (PLD2), glucose transporter GLUT4, inositol trisphosphate, V-ATPase and ARNO (a guanine nucleotide exchange factor of ARF6).

Gestational diabetes

Because glucose travels across the placenta (through diffusion facilitated by GLUT3 carriers), in untreated gestational diabetes the fetus is exposed to consistently higher glucose levels.

GLK

Glucokinase, an enzyme that facilitates the phosphorylation of glucose into glucose 6-phosphate.

Glucose

This understanding occurred largely as a result of the investigations of Emil Fischer, a German chemist who received the 1902 Nobel Prize in Chemistry as a result of his findings.

Glucose cycle

A deficiency in glucose 6-phosphatase that disrupts the liver glucose cycle, can lead to von Gierke's disease.

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency is very common worldwide, and causes acute hemolytic anemia in the presence of simple infection, ingestion of fava beans, or reaction with certain medicines, antibiotics, antipyretics, and antimalarials.

Glucosepane

The overall pathway of glucosepane formation starts with lysine attacking the reducing sugar D-glucose to form the unstable imine known as a Schiff base, which then rearranges to form the more stable aminoketose Amadori product.

Glucoside

Sinalbin occurs in white pepper; it decomposes to the mustard oil, glucose and sinapin, a compound of choline and sinapic acid.

Glycated hemoglobin

The use of hemoglobin A1c for monitoring the degree of control of glucose metabolism in diabetic patients was proposed in 1976 by Anthony Cerami, Ronald Koenig and coworkers.

Glycogenin-1

Thanks to the presence of the glucose-6-phosphatase enzyme (G6PC), the hepatocytes are capable to turn G6PC to glucose and release it to blood so as to prevent the hypoglycemia.

HisB

The hisB gene, found in the enterobacteria (such as E. coli), in Campylobacter jejuni and in Xylella/Xanthomonas encodes a protein involved in catalysis of two step in histidine biosynthesis (the sixth and eight step), namely the bifunctional Imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase/histidinol-phosphatase.

Itaconic acid

Since the 1960s, it is produced industrially by fermentation of carbohydrates such as glucose using Aspergillus terreus.

JDRF

The Pak is a sling-style bag containing educational materials and resources targeted at adults, including the Adult Type 1 Toolkit (described below), Mary Tyler Moore’s memoir “Growing Up Again” about her own diagnosis with T1D in adulthood, and a Bayer Contour Next USB Blood Glucose Monitoring System.

Menadione

Large doses of menadione have been reported to cause adverse outcomes including hemolytic anemia due to G6PD deficiency, neonatal brain or liver damage, or neonatal death in some rare cases.

MODY 1

In the pancreas these genes influence expression of, among others, the genes for insulin, the principal glucose transporter (GLUT2), and several proteins involved in glucose and mitochondrial metabolism.

Otto Folin

In 1920, he co-developed with Hsien Wu the Folin-Wu method of assaying glucose in protein-free filtrates of blood.

Parle-G

Parle-G or Parle Glucose is a brand of biscuits manufactured by Parle Products in India.

Pasteurization

B. tuberculosis, the bacterium requiring the highest temperature to be killed of all milk pathogens is killed at all ranges of temperature and time which also denatured alkaline phosphatase.

Phosphatidate phosphatase

PPAPDC1A (PPC1A) – phosphatidic acid phosphatase type 2 domain containing 1A

Phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate

PtdIns3P is dephosphorylated by the myotubularin family of phosphatases, on the D3 position of the inositol ring, and can be converted to PIKfyve.

Phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate

PtdIns(3,4)P2 is dephophosphorylated by the phosphatase INPP4B on the 4 position of the inositol ring and by the TPTE (transmembrane phosphatases with tensin homology) family of phosphatases on the 3 position of the inositol ring.

Phosphofructokinase deficiency

In this condition, a deficiency of the M subunit (PFKM) of the phosphofructokinase enzyme impairs the ability of cells such as erythrocytes and rhabdomyocytes (skeletal muscle cells) to use carbohydrates (such as glucose) for energy.

PPP1R3C

Protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) participates in the regulation of a wide variety of cellular functions by reversible protein phosphorylation.

Reactive flash volatilization

Reactive flash volatilization was demonstrated in 2006 in the journal Science by the high temperature (700–800 °C) conversion of soybean oil (triglycerides) and sugar (D-(+)-glucose) to synthesis gas (H2 + CO) and olefins (ethylene and propylene).

Redoxon

In this method, fruit flies were attracted to a mixture of wine, vinegar, yeast bouillon, and sorbitol, a substance easily chemically prepared from glucose.

Synthalin

After it was discovered that trypanosomes require a plentiful supply of glucose in order to reproduce, researchers tested Synthalin and related compounds to see if they could be effective treatments.

The Diabetes Duo: Captain Glucose and Meter Boy

Captain Glucose and Meter Boy: The Diabetes Duo are internationally known and have been featured on many professional sites and blogs including International Diabetes Federation and contributed to their World Diabetes Day project; Diabetes Hands Foundation.

Trimethylsilyl chloride

Trimethylsilylation can also be used to increase the volatility of a compound, enabling gas chromatography of normally nonvolatile substances such as glucose.

Ulegyria

An immediate effect of low intracellular glucose is reduced ATP production in the cell.

Xylose metabolism

Modifications to this flux that may improve ethanol production include deleting the GND1 gene, or the ZWF1 gene.

Zinc gluconate

Gluconic acid is found naturally, and is industrially manufactured by the fermentation of glucose, typically by Aspergillus niger, but also by other fungi, e.g. Penicillium, or by bacteria, e.g. Acetobacter, Pseudomonas and Gluconobacter.


see also

Glycogenolysis

The phosphate group of glucose-6-phosphate is removed by the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase, which is not present in myocytes, and the free glucose exits the cell via GLUT2 facilitated diffusion channels in the hepatocyte cell membrane.