Since mRNA is the starting material, the amount of sequence representation for a given gene will be based on the expression level (how many mRNA molecules it produces).
A common use for it is in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect for binding of molecules to each other.
Peptide bond, a chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amine group of the other molecule
NO signalling has also been shown to control the motility of endothelial cells by regulating the expression of cell adhesion molecules ICAM-1.
Recently it has been shown that Cadherin-23 CDH23 and Protocadherin-15 PCDH15 are the adhesion molecules associated with these tip links.
The most frequently used techniques are: liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) for 'small' molecules and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for macromolecules
In 1934, Swiss physical chemist Werner Kuhn successfully derived a thermal equation of state for rubber molecules using Boltzmann's formula, which has since come to be known as the entropy model of rubber.
Cluster of differentiation 4, one of the many cell surface molecules present on leukocytes
These molecules and their associated screening data are available via CDD Public, as well in as the National Library of Medicine's PubChem and the European Bioinformatics Institute's ChEMBL database.
Oxygen also occurs in phosphate (PO43−) groups in the biologically important energy-carrying molecules ATP and ADP, in the backbone and the purines (except adenine) and pyrimidines of RNA and DNA, and in bones as calcium phosphate and hydroxylapatite.
In Tikkun magazine Jordi Pigem concluded, In the last ten years, landmark works...have been reflecting and kindling a growing awareness that nature is not merely a sum of molecules obeying physical and chemical laws, but a living, sensuous, and ensouled matrix in which we fully participate and belong.
Amylases are the enzymes that hydrolyses and reduce the molecular weight of amylose and amylopectin molecules in starch, rendering it water soluble enough to be washed off the fabric.
Sidney Altman and Thomas Cech first discovered catalytic RNA molecules, RNase P and group II intron ribozymes, in 1989 and won the Nobel Prize for their discovery.
Lysosomes, a part of an animal cells, helps break down large molecules into smaller ones that can be reused.
The diagrams are named after Walter Grotrian, who introduced them in his 1928 paper Graphische Darstellung der Spektren von Atomen und Molekülen mit 1, 2 und 3 Valenzelektronen (Graphical representation of the spectra of atoms and molecules with 1, 2 and 3 valence electrons).
HEV cuboidal endothelial cells express the adhesion molecules GlyCAM-1 (in mucosal HEV this is MAdCAM-1), ICAM-1 and CD34.
Two molecules of each of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4) form an octamer, around which approximately 146 bp of DNA is wrapped in repeating units, called nucleosomes.
Guido Franch reportedly had a process of transmuting water molecules into high-octane gasoline compounds (named Mota fuel) that would reduce the price of gasoline to 8 cents per gallon.
The molecules may form a supramolecular structure held together by non-covalent forces, such as Van der Waals force, π-π, and CH-π bonds.
Cause normal cells to increase expression of class I MHC molecules as well as class II MHC on antigen presenting cells—specifically through induction of antigen processing genes, including subunits of the immunoproteasome (MECL1, LMP2, LMP7), as well as TAP and ERAAP in addition possibly to the direct upregulation of MHC heavy chains and B2-microglobulin itself
Air ioniser, a device that uses high voltage to ionise air molecules
In 2003 she was awarded the Royal Society's Gabor Medal "for her contributions to the isolation and manipulation of recombinant DNA molecules in a eukaryotic organism, adding a new dimension to molecular and cellular biology".
Listeria Hfq binding LhrA is a ncRNA that was identified by screening for RNA molecules which co-immunoprecipitated with the RNA chaperone Hfq.
Listeria Hfq binding LhrC this ncRNA was identified by screening for RNA molecules which co-immunoprecipitated with the RNA chaperone Hfq.
Coordination complex, also called macromolecular metal complex, is a complex of atom or usually metallic ion and a surrounding array of bound molecules or anions, which are known as ligands.
In 2011, an undechydrate (containing 11 molecules of water) of this compound was discovered by scientists at the University College London.
More recently, other sub-populations have been explored using co-stimulatory molecules CD27 and CD28 expression in addition to CCR7 and CD62L.
Monomolecular wire, a fictional type of wire consisting of a single strand of molecules
Receptors on the cell membrane's surface designed to be activated in the presence of specific fuel molecules communicate to the cell nucleus via a means of cascading interactions.
The octahedron has eight faces, hence the prefix octa. The octahedron is one of the Platonic solids, although octahedral molecules typically have an atom in their centre and no bonds between the ligand atoms.
Efficient OLEDs using small molecules were first developed by Dr. Ching W. Tang et al.
Osteocyte specific proteins such as sclerostin have been shown to function in mineral metabolism, as well as other molecules such as PHEX, DMP-1, MEPE, and FGF-23, which are highly expressed by osteocytes and regulate phosphate and biomineralization.
(1) In general, whatever the total number of constituent atomic valence electrons, data for isoelectronic molecules tend to be more similar than for adjacent molecules that have more or fewer valence electrons; for triatomic molecules, the electron count is the sum of the atomic group numbers (the sum of the column numbers 1 to 8 in the p-block of the periodic chart of the elements, C1+C2+C3).
Founded in 2011 by Harvard chemist David R. Liu and Noubar Afeyan, CEO of Flagship Ventures, the company’s develops a class of proteins, under the trademark Intraphilin™, that enable the transport of large molecules such as antibodies into cells, thereby potentially enabling new classes of intracellular therapies.
Brownian motion would cause surrounding gas molecules to strike the paddles, but the ratchet would only allow it to turn in one direction.
Other organisms such asBacillus pumilus ATCC 7061, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus, Corynebacterium urealyticum DSM 7109, and Brevibacterium linens BL2 have been identified with similar TOMM gene clusters that have the potential to produce PZN-like molecules.
A graduate student, Stanley Miller, and his professor, Harold Urey, performed an experiment that demonstrated how organic molecules could have spontaneously formed from inorganic precursors, under conditions like those posited by the Oparin-Haldane Hypothesis.
Nuclear receptor, a receptor found within cells that is responsible for sensing steroid and thyroid hormones and certain other molecules
Monomer, a molecule that may bind chemically to other molecules to form a polymer
One is the change of the surface structure to a metastable structure, and another is cleaning the surface by the photodecomposition of dirt such as organic compounds adsorbed on the surface, after either of which water molecules can adsorb to the surface.
This method provides a high contrast of the images based on the adsorbed amount of molecules, somewhat similar to Brewster angle microscopy (this latter is most commonly used together with a Langmuir–Blodgett trough).
MSCRAMM (microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules)
Besides this purely aesthetic reasoning, Freud gives no further argument for the existence of these two opposing instincts—save to (parenthetically) mention "anabolism and katabolism" (56), the cellular processes of building up and breaking down molecules.
Tim Hunt was awarded the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Paul Nurse and Leland H. Hartwell for their discoveries of protein molecules that control the division (duplication) of cells.
The first demonstration of organic total synthesis was Friedrich Wöhler's synthesis of urea in 1828, which demonstrated that organic molecules can be produced from inorganic precursors, and the first commercialized total synthesis was Gustaf Komppa's synthesis and industrial production of camphor in 1903.
Topological Polar Surface Area (tPSA), a physicochemical property describing the polarity of molecules.
The UNIQUAC model also serves as the basis of the development of the group contribution method UNIFAC, where molecules are subdivided in atomic groups.
The Power Pack had costumes made of unstable molecules manufactured for them by the Kymellian smartship Friday; as the alien Kymellians had no direct contact with Earth natives prior to this, it's possible that they developed their own form of unstable molecules, as certain Kymellians naturally develop super-powers.
The short story Wang's Carpets, later expanded to the novel Diaspora, by Greg Egan, postulates a universe, complete with resident organisms and intelligent beings, embodied as Wang tiles implemented by patterns of complex molecules.
First proposed in 2002 by Peter Murray-Rust and his colleagues in the chemistry department at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom, WWMM provides a free, easily searchable database for information about thousands of complicated molecules, data that would otherwise remain inaccessible to scientists.