X-Nico

30 unusual facts about RNA


Avian encephalitis virus cis-acting replication element

In molecular biology, the Avian encephalitis virus cis-acting replication element (CRE) is an s an RNA element which is found in the coding region of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in Avian encephalitis virus (AEV).

Bantam microRNA

Fragile X syndrome disease are implicated to be regulated by the FMRP, a RNA-binding protein.

Brevig Mission, Alaska

In the late 1990s, a team of scientists led by Johan Hultin exhumed the body of an Inuit woman who had been buried in the permafrost in a gravesite near Brevig Mission in an attempt to recover RNA of the 1918 influenza virus (Spanish flu) that killed her.

Compounds of oxygen

Oxygen also occurs in phosphate (PO43−) groups in the biologically important energy-carrying molecules ATP and ADP, in the backbone and the purines (except adenine) and pyrimidines of RNA and DNA, and in bones as calcium phosphate and hydroxylapatite.

Covarion

Under the covarion model, the rates of evolution on different branches of a hypothesized phylogenetic tree vary in an autocorrelated way, and the rates of evolution at different codon sites in an aligned set of DNA or RNA sequences vary in a separate but autocorrelated manner.

Delma molleri

The nucleotide (DNA/RNA) and protein sequences of D. molleri have been sourced through the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) and Universal Protein Resource (UniProt) databases.

DNASTAR

The latest version of ArrayStar, version 5.0, which was released in 2011, also includes an optional module, QSeq, to allow scientists to visualize and analyze RNA-Seq and ChIP-Seq data using the same tools as are used for microarray gene expression.

Encephalitis

Diagnosis is often made with detection of antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid against a specific viral agent (such as herpes simplex virus) or by polymerase chain reaction that amplifies the RNA or DNA of the virus responsible (such as varicella zoster virus).

ENOD40

An interaction with a novel RNA-binding protein MtRBP1 (Medicago truncatula RNA-binding protein 1) investigated in the development of Root nodule suggests ENOD40 has a function of cytoplasmic relocalization of nuclear proteins.

Food irradiation

When collisions damage DNA or RNA effective reproduction becomes unlikely, also when collisions occur in cells, cell division is often suppressed.

Force spectroscopy

Common applications of force spectroscopy are measurements of polymer elasticity, especially biopolymers such as RNA and DNA.

General feature format

The general feature format (gene-finding format, generic feature format, GFF) is a file format used for describing genes and other features of DNA, RNA and protein sequences.

Hepatitis C virus cis-acting replication element

The Hepatitis C virus (HCV) cis-acting replication element (CRE) is an RNA element which is found in the coding region of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase NS5B.

Hypoxanthine

In August 2011, a report, based on NASA studies with meteorites found on Earth, was published suggesting hypoxanthine and related organic molecules, including the DNA and RNA components adenine and guanine, may have been formed extraterrestrially in outer space.

Jörg Vogel

Among other achievements he pioneered the application of RNA-Seq for the analysis of the bacterial transcription.

MochiView

The software uses a generalized data format that serves other purposes as well, such as the visualization and analysis of RNA-Seq data or the import, maintenance, exploration, and analysis of Sequence motif libraries.

Norovirus cis-acting replication element

In molecular biology, the Norovirus cis-acting replication element (CRE) is an RNA element which is found in the coding region of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in Norovirus.

Nothing to Hide

She tells her friend to leave, scaring Tina who believes that Niki has turned into a completely different person, an assumption which is confirmed by the appearance of the RNA symbol tattoo on Niki's shoulder, showing that Jessica is in control.

Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein

Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein is an RNA-binding protein, also known as PTB or hnRNP I. PTB functions mainly as a splicing regulator, although it is also involved in alternative 3' end processing, mRNA stability and RNA localization.

Pseudouridine

Pseudouridine (abbreviated by the Greek letter psi- Ψ) is the C-glycoside isomer of the nucleoside uridine, and it is the most prevalent of the over one hundred different modified nucleosides found in RNA.

It is commonly found in tRNA, associated with thymidine and cytosine in the TΨC arm and is one of the invariant regions of tRNA.The function of it is not very clear, but it is expected to play a role in association with aminoacyl transferases during their interaction with tRNA, and hence in the initiation of translation.

PSSC Labs

In 2007, the company focused on supercomputer development for life sciences researchers and announced its technological solution for full-genome data analysis, including assembly, read mapping, and analysis of large amounts of high-throughput DNA and RNA sequencing data.

Ribonomics

Ribonomics is the study of ribonucleic acids (RNAs) associated with RNA-binding proteins (RBPs).

RNA virus

One of these includes RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RNA replicase), which copies the viral RNA to form a double-stranded replicative form.

RNA-Seq

Weighted gene co-expression network analysis has been successfully used to identify co-expression modules and intramodular hub genes based on RNA seq data.

There are many tools available for aligning genomic reads to a reference genome (sequence alignment tools), however, special attention is needed when alignment of a transcriptome to a genome, mainly when dealing with genes having intronic regions.

Sebastian Doniach

His research group at Stanford currently uses radiation from the Stanford Synchrotron and from the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory for studies of protein and RNA structure and dynamics.

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

SERS can be used to target specific DNA and RNA sequences using a combination of gold and silver nanoparticles and Raman-active dyes, such as Cy3.

Totiviridae

It contains 2 overlapping open reading frames (ORF)—gag and pol—which respectively encode the capsid protein and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

Uridine

Uridine is one of the four basic components of ribonucleic acid (RNA); the other three are adenosine, guanosine, and cytidine.


Abelson murine leukemia virus

As a retrovirus, it has a single-stranded, positive sense RNA genome which replicates via a DNA intermediate mediated by a reverse transcriptase.

AfaR small RNA

It is an Hfq-dependent RNA which downregulates AfaD-VIII invasin translation by binding to and initiating cleavage of its mRNA.

Alkyl phosphate

For example, high energy metabolites such as ATP and PEP are alkyl phosphates, as are nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA.

Antizyme RNA frameshifting stimulation element

Antizyme RNA frameshifting stimulation element is a structural element which is found in antizyme mRNA and is known to promote frameshifting.

Archaellum

Archaea were first classified as a separate group of prokaryotes in 1977 by Carl Woese and George E. Fox based on the differences in the sequence of ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) genes.

Benoit Coulombe

Benoit Coulombe is a Canadian scientist whose research focuses on the mechanisms by which regulated protein–protein, protein–DNA and protein–RNA interactions control the activity of RNA polymerase II, the molecular machine that synthesizes all messenger RNA (mRNA) and some small-nuclear RNA (snRNA) in eukaryotes.

Bulbul coronavirus HKU11

Bulbul coronavirus HKU11 is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA deltacoronavirus of avian origin found in Chinese Bulbuls.

Caulimoviridae

As replication requires the use of RNA intermediate, viruses from the Caulimoviridae family are not true dsDNA viruses - instead they are termed DNA reverse-transcribing viruses.

David Baulcombe

In 1998 Craig Mello and Andrew Fire reported a potent gene silencing effect after injecting double stranded RNA into C. elegans.

Ekka

The Ekka is organised by the Royal National Agricultural and Industrial Association of Queensland (RNA), and is held at the RNA Showgrounds in the inner-city suburb of Bowen Hills approximately two kilometres north-east of Brisbane's city centre.

Evolution in Variable Environment

EVE operates under the “central dogma,” the assumption that all biochemical pathways proceed through the following steps: DNA => RNA => protein.

FNRS

FnrS RNA, fumurate and nitrate reductase regulator small RNA

Gene silencing

Sidney Altman and Thomas Cech first discovered catalytic RNA molecules, RNase P and group II intron ribozymes, in 1989 and won the Nobel Prize for their discovery.

Human Microbiome Project

The microbial genome data were extracted by identifying the bacterial specific ribosomal RNA, 16S rRNA.

J. Heinrich Matthaei

Whilst a post-doctoral visitor in the laboratory of Marshall Warren Nirenberg at the NIH in Bethesda, Maryland, he discovered that a synthetic RNA polynucleotide, composed of a repeating uridylic acid residue, coded for a polypeptide chain encoding just one kind of amino acid, phenylalanine.

John Abelson

His work has made possible an understanding of how genomic DNA can be converted to both messenger RNA and transfer RNA, particularly when there are introns present in the genome.

Lacto-rpoB RNA motif

These genes encode a subunit of RNA polymerase, and it is hypothesized that Lacto-rpoB RNA participate in the regulation of these genes.

Listeria Hfq binding LhrA

Listeria Hfq binding LhrA is a ncRNA that was identified by screening for RNA molecules which co-immunoprecipitated with the RNA chaperone Hfq.

Listeria Hfq binding LhrC

Listeria Hfq binding LhrC this ncRNA was identified by screening for RNA molecules which co-immunoprecipitated with the RNA chaperone Hfq.

Memory RNA

Memory RNA is a now-discredited hypothetical form of RNA that was proposed by James V. McConnell and others as a means of explaining how long-term memories were stored in the brain.

The basic principle or the memory RNA was also used by comic book writer Alan Moore to explain the origin of DC Comics' character the Swamp Thing in Saga of the Swamp Thing #21.

Nelson Bay virus

Nelson Bay virus (NBV)is a novel double-stranded RNA orthoreovirus species first isolated from a flying fox (Pteropus poliocephalus) near Nelson Bay in New South Wales, Australia.

Partitiviridae

The genome segments are packaged in the same virus particle, the larger segment codes for the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and the smaller codes for the coat protein.

Post-transcriptional regulation

After being produced, the stability and distribution of the different transcripts is regulated (post-transcriptional regulation) by means of RNA binding protein (RBP) that control the various steps and rates of the transcripts: events such as alternative splicing, nuclear degradation (exosome), processing, nuclear export (three alternative pathways), sequestration in DCP2-bodies for storage or degradation, and ultimately translation.

R1 plasmid

CopA-like RNA, an antisense RNA involved in replication control of the plasmid.

R43

Small nucleolar RNA R43, a plant non-coding RNA molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs

Renato Dulbecco

As demonstrated by Temin and Baltimore, who shared the Nobel Prize with Dulbecco, the transfer of viral genes to the cell is mediated by an enzyme called reverse transcriptase (or, more precisely, RNA-dependent DNA polymerase), which replicates the viral genome (in this case made of RNA) into DNA, which is later incorporated in the host genome.

Richard A. Jorgensen

His and Carolyn Napoli's observations of pigment gene 'cosuppression' in Petunia flowers are examples of post transcriptional gene silencing that predated the discovery of RNA interference (RNAi) and contributed to the current understanding of the commonality of RNA-mediated gene silencing in eukaryotes.

RN5S1@

RNA, 5S cluster 1, also known as RN5S1@, is a human gene encoding the 5S subunit of ribosomal RNA.

SERBP1

Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 RNA-binding protein (serbp1, not to be confused with srebp1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SERBP1 gene.

Small Cajal body specific RNA 17

Small Cajal body-specific RNA 17 (also known as U12-22 scaRNA) is a type of small nuclear RNA which localises to the cajal bodies and proposed to guide the modification of RNA polymerase II transcribed spliceosomal RNAs U1, U2, U4, U5 and U12.

Small Cajal body specific RNA 18

small Cajal body-specific RNA 18 (also known as U91 or U4-8) is a type of small nuclear RNA which localises to the cajal bodies and proposed to guide the modification of RNA polymerase II transcribed spliceosomal RNAs U1, U2, U4, U5 and U12.

Spectrophotometer for Nucleic Acid Measurements

Analysis of nucleic acids is commonly performed to determine the average concentrations of DNA or RNA present in a mixture, as well as their purity.

Totivirus

These open reading frames (ORFs) code for a capsid protein (CP) and an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDRP).

Transcriptional regulation

General transcription factors These transcription factors position RNA polymerase at the start of a protein-coding sequence and then release the polymerase to transcribe the mRNA.

Trichloroacetic acid

It is widely used in biochemistry for the precipitation of macromolecules, such as proteins, DNA, and RNA.

Vibrio cholerae ToxT activated RNAs

Regulation of PtsG by TarA may be dependent upon the Hfq protein, an RNA chaperone.

Vibrio regulatory RNA of OmpA

VrrA (Vibrio regulatory RNA of OmpA) is a non-coding RNA that is conserved across all Vibrio species of bacteria and acts as a repressor for the synthesis of the outer membrane protein OmpA.

Z12

Z12 small nucleolar RNA, a non-coding RNA molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs