Chinese consider this seizure a "colonial rapacity" comparable to the taking of the Elgin Marbles or the Koh-i-Noor diamond.
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The site was visited by many of the archaeological expeditions sent by various imperial powers to Chinese Central Asia in the first two decades of the 20th century, among them the Russian Sergey Oldenburg between 1909–10, the German expeditions led by Albert Grünwedel (Nov 1902-March 1903) and Albert von Le Coq (1904-7, 1913-4) and the Japanese expeditions of Ōtani Kōzui in 1902.
Of eight known manuscript fragments in Greco-Bactrian script, one is from Lou-lan and seven from Toyoq, where they were discovered by the second and third Turpan expeditions under Albert von Le Coq.
Between 1902 and 1914, he was a technical crew member on all four German Turfan expeditions headed by Albert Grünwedel and Albert von Le Coq.